This appendix provides answers to most of the exercises. They are also available in file format from http://www.spronck.net/pythonbook1.

Note that it is useless to look up answers to exercises if you have not spent a significant amount of time trying to solve the exercises. You can only learn programming by doing. Only use the answers to compare them with your own, completed solutions, or as a final resort should you have no idea how to solve a problem. However, if you cannot solve a problem, it is usually better to return to an earlier part of the book that contains information that you evidently did not understand or forgot about.

Note that very often, the answers given here are only one of many possible ways to solve a problem. If you have found a different way to solve a problem, that might be just fine, though make sure you test your answer extensively to ensure that it is correct.

Moreover, while the answers given here are usually efficient, efficiency is not the first goal when writing code. You should first make sure that your code solves the problem at hand, before you look into making the code more efficient. Readability and maintainability are far more important than efficiency.

Chapter 22

Answer 1.1

A straightforward sorting procedure that first identifies the highest card, then the next highest card, then the lowest-but-one, and then the lowest card, needs six comparisons. You could perform it, for instance, as follows:

Number the cards from 1 to 4, left to right. The number is tied to the spot where the card is, i.e., when you switch two cards, they exchange numbers. Compare cards 1 and 2, and switch them if 1 is higher than 2. Compare cards 2 and 3, and switch them if 2 is higher than 3. Compare cards 3 and 4, and switch them if 3 is higher than 4. Now the highest card will be the number 4. Then, compare cards 1 and 2 again, and switch them if 1 is higher than 2. Compare cards 2 and 3 again, and switch them if 2 is higher than 3. Now the next-highest card is number 3. Finally, compare cards 1 and 2 and switch them if 1 is higher than 2. You have now sorted the four cards, with six comparisons.

To do it with less comparisons, you need a procedure that is a bit more complex. Start again by numbering the cards from 1 to 4. Compare cards 1 and 2, and switch them if 1 is higher than 2. Compare cards 3 and 4, and switch them if 3 is higher than 4. Compare cards 1 and 3. If 1 is higher than 3, you switch card 1 and 3, and also card 2 and 4. The lowest card is now in spot 1, and you also know that card 3 is lower than card 4. Now compare cards 2 and 3. If 2 is lower than 3, you are done, needing only four comparisons. If 2 is higher than 3, you switch 2 and 3. You now still have to compare cards 3 and 4, and switch them if 3 is higher than 4, but then you are done, needing only five comparisons. So you can do the sorting with a guaranteed maximum of five comparisons.

You might think that you can be smart and, after comparing 1 and 2 and maybe switching them, and comparing 3 and 4 and maybe switching them, to compare 2 and 3, because if at that point 2 is smaller than 3, you only need three comparisons. However, should at that point 2 be higher than 3, if you are unlucky you will need six comparisons in total.

For those new to programming, the more efficient procedure which only needs five comparisons is quite hard to design, so do not get discouraged if you cannot come up with it. It is more important that you solve a task, than that you solve it in the most efficient manner.

Answer 1.2

You should draw four boxes on a piece of paper, number them, and put each of the cards in one of the boxes. Tell the person who is following the instructions that “compare the card in box \(x\) with the card in box \(y\)” means that they should ask the processor to take up those cards, look at them, put them back in the same spots where they were taken from, and then indicate which of the two is the higher card. Then you can give them instructions for the simple, six-comparisons procedure outlined above:

  1. Compare the card in box 1 with the card in box 2. If the card in box 1 is higher than the card in box 2, switch these two cards.

  2. Compare the card in box 2 with the card in box 3. If the card in box 2 is higher than the card in box 3, switch these two cards.

  3. Compare the card in box 3 with the card in box 4. If the card in box 3 is higher than the card in box 4, switch these two cards.

  4. Compare the card in box 1 with the card in box 2. If the card in box 1 is higher than the card in box 2, switch these two cards.

  5. Compare the card in box 2 with the card in box 3. If the card in box 2 is higher than the card in box 3, switch these two cards.

  6. Compare the card in box 1 with the card in box 2. If the card in box 1 is higher than the card in box 2, switch these two cards.

Using the idea of drawing boxes that you have numbered to refer to the cards put in those boxes is similar to using variables in a computer program. Variables will be explained in one of the early chapters. Trying to write instructions for the more efficient procedure outlined above is harder, because you need nested conditions and an early escape.

Chapter 33

Answer 2.1

You now have Python running on your computer. Congratulations!

Answer 2.2

You will see nothing in the shell (apart from a display of the word RESTART that you always see when running a program). \(7/4\) is a legal Python statement, so the program will not give an error. The program just calculates \(7/4\), but does not display the result using a print statement, so the program does not show \(1.75\). The shell, however, displays the result of running the program. But since a program has no result by itself, there is nothing for the shell to display either. So you see nothing.

Chapter 44

Answer 3.1

print( 60 * (0.6 * 24.95 + 0.75) + (3 - 0.75) )

Answer 3.2

Each of the lines should be either print( "A message" ) or print( 'A message' ). The error in the first line is that it ends in a period. That period should be removed. The error in the second line is that it contains something that is supposed to be a string, but starts with a double quote while it ends with a single quote. Either the double quote should become a single quote, or the single quote should become a double quote. The third line is actually syntactically correct, but probably it was meant to be print( 'A message' ), so the f" should be removed.

Answer 3.3

print( 1/0 )

Answer 3.4

The problem is that there is one closing parenthesis missing in the first line of code. I actually deleted the closing parenthesis that should be right of the \(6\), but you cannot know that; you can only count the parentheses in the first statement and see that there is one less closing parenthesis than there are opening parentheses.

The confusing part of this error message is that it says that the error is in the second line of code. The second line of the code, however, is fine. The reason is that since Python has not seen the last required closing parenthesis on the first line, it starts looking for it on the second line. And while doing that, it notices that something is going wrong, and it reports the error. Basically, while trying to process the second line, Python finds that it cannot do that, so it indicates that there is an error with the second line.

You will occasionally encounter this in your own code: an error is reported for a certain line of code, but the error is actually made in one of the previous lines. Such errors often encompass the absence of a required parenthesis or single or double quote. Keep this in mind.

Answer 3.5

print( str( (14 + 535) % 24 ) + ".00" )

Chapter 55

Answer 4.1

# This program calculates the average of three variables, 
# var1, var2, and var3
var1 = 12.83
var2 = 99.99
var3 = 0.12
average = (var1 + var2 + var3) / 3 # Calculate the average
print( average ) # May look a bit ugly, but we might make this 
# look a bit better when we have learned about formatting

Answer 4.2

pi = 3.14159
radius = 12
print( "The surface area of a circle with radius", 
    radius, "is", pi * radius * radius )

Answer 4.3

CENTS_IN_DOLLAR = 100
CENTS_IN_QUARTER = 25
CENTS_IN_DIME = 10
CENTS_IN_NICKEL = 5

amount = 1156
cents = amount

dollars = int( cents / CENTS_IN_DOLLAR )
cents -= dollars * CENTS_IN_DOLLAR
quarters = int( cents / CENTS_IN_QUARTER )
cents -= quarters * CENTS_IN_QUARTER
dimes = int( cents / CENTS_IN_DIME )
cents -= dimes * CENTS_IN_DIME
nickels = int( cents / CENTS_IN_NICKEL )
cents -= nickels * CENTS_IN_NICKEL
cents = int( cents )

print( amount / CENTS_IN_DOLLAR, "consists of:" )
print( "Dollars:", dollars )
print( "Quarters:", quarters )
print( "Dimes:", dimes )
print( "Nickels:", nickels )
print( "Pennies:", cents )

Answer 4.4

a = 17
b = 23
print( "a =", a, "and b =", b )
a += b
b = a - b
a -= b
print( "a =", a, "and b =", b )

Chapter 66

Answer 5.1

s = input( "Enter a string: " )
print( "You entered", len( s ), "characters" )

Answer 5.2

from pcinput import getFloat
from math import sqrt

side1 = getFloat( "Please enter the length of the first side: " )
side2 = getFloat( "Please enter the length of the second side: ")
side3 = sqrt( side1 * side1 + side2 * side2 )
print( "The length of the diagonal is {:.3f}.".format( side3 ) )

Answer 5.3

from pcinput import getFloat

num1 = getFloat( "Please enter number 1: " )
num2 = getFloat( "Please enter number 2: " )
num3 = getFloat( "Please enter number 3: " )

print( "The largest is", max( num1, num2, num3 ) )
print( "The smallest is", min( num1, num2, num3 ) )
print( "The average is", round( (num1 + num2 + num3)/3, 2 ) )

Answer 5.4

from math import exp

s = "e to the power of {:2d} is {:>9.5f}"
print( s.format( -1, exp( -1 ) ) )
print( s.format( 0, exp( 0 ) ) )
print( s.format( 1, exp( 1 ) ) )
print( s.format( 2, exp( 2 ) ) )
print( s.format( 3, exp( 3 ) ) )

Answer 5.5

from random import random

print( "A random integer between 1 and 10 is", 
    1 + int( random() * 10 ) )

Chapter 77

Answer 6.1

from pcinput import getFloat

grade = getFloat( "Please enter a grade: " )
check = int( grade * 10 )
if grade < 0 or grade > 10:
    print( "Grades have to be in the range 0 to 10." )
elif check%5 != 0 or check != grade*10:
    print( "Grades should be rounded to the nearest half point.")
elif grade >= 8.5:
    print( "Grade A" )
elif grade >= 7.5:
    print( "Grade B" )
elif grade >= 6.5:
    print( "Grade C" )
elif grade >= 5.5:
    print( "Grade D" )
else:
    print( "Grade F" )

Answer 6.2

The grade will always be “D” or “F,” as the tests are placed in the incorrect order. E.g., if score is 85, then it is not only greater than 80.0, but also greater than 60.0, so that the grade becomes “D.”

Answer 6.3

from pcinput import getString

s = getString( "Please enter a string: " )
count = 0
if ("a" in s) or ("A" in s):
    count += 1
if ("e" in s) or ("E" in s):
    count += 1
if ("i" in s) or ("I" in s):
    count += 1
if ("o" in s) or ("O" in s):
    count += 1
if ("u" in s) or ("U" in s):
    count += 1
    
if count == 0:
    print( "There are no vowels in the string." )
elif count == 1:
    print( "There is only one different vowel in the string." )
else:
    print( "There are", count, "different vowels in the string.")

Answer 6.4

from pcinput import getFloat
from math import sqrt

a = getFloat( "A: " )
b = getFloat( "B: " )
c = getFloat( "C: " )

if a == 0:
    if b == 0:
        print( "There is not even an unknown in this equation!" )
    else:
        print( "There is one solution, namely", -c/b )
else:
    discriminant = b*b - 4*a*c
    if discriminant < 0:
        print( "There are no solutions" )
    elif discriminant == 0:
        print( "There is one solution, namely", -b/(2*a) )
    else:
        print( "There are two solutions, namely",  
                (-b+sqrt(discriminant))/(2*a), "and", 
                (-b-sqrt(discriminant))/(2*a) )

Chapter 88

Answer 7.1

from pcinput import getInteger

num = getInteger( "Give a number: " )
i = 1
while i <= 10:
    print( i, "*", num, "=", i*num )
    i += 1

Answer 7.2

from pcinput import getInteger

num = getInteger( "Give a number: " )
for i in range( 1, 11 ):
    print( i, "*", num, "=", i*num )

Answer 7.3

from pcinput import getInteger

TOTAL = 10
largest = 0
smallest = 0
div3 = 0

for i in range( TOTAL ):
    num = getInteger( "Please enter number "+str( i+1 )+": " )
    if num%3 == 0:
        div3 += 1
    if i == 0:
        smallest = num
        largest = num
        continue
    if num < smallest:
        smallest = num
    if num > largest:
        largest = num
        
print( "Smallest is", smallest )
print( "Largest is", largest )
print( "Dividable by 3 is", div3 )

Answer 7.4

bottles = 10
s = "s"

while bottles != "no":
    print( "{0} bottle{1} of beer on the wall, "\
        "{0} bottle{1} of beer.".format( bottles, s ) )
    bottles -= 1
    if bottles == 1:
        s = ""
    elif bottles == 0:
        s = "s"
        bottles = "no"
    print( "Take one down, pass it around, {} bottle{} "\
        "of beer on the wall.".format( bottles, s ) )

The backslash (\) at the end of two of the strings in this code concatenates the string on the next line to the string after which the backslash is found. I use that feature here to make the code fit in the box. Use of the backslash to allow code to span multiple lines is discussed in Chapter 119. You do not need it at this time: you can just put the whole print() statement on one long line.

Answer 7.5

num1 = 0
num2 = 1
print( 1, end=" " )

while True:
    num3 = num1 + num2
    if num3 > 1000:
        break
    print( num3, end=" " )
    num1 = num2
    num2 = num3    

Answer 7.6

from pcinput import getString

word1 = getString( "Give word 1: " )
word2 = getString( "Give word 2: " )
common = ""
for letter in word1:
    if (letter in word2) and (letter not in common):
        common += letter
if common == "":
    print( "The words share no characters." )
else:
    print( "The words have the following in common:", common )

Answer 7.7

from random import random

DARTS = 100000
hits = 0
for i in range( DARTS ):
    x = random()
    y = random()
    if x*x + y*y < 1:
        hits += 1
        
print( "A reasonable approximation of pi is", 4 * hits / DARTS )

Answer 7.8

from random import randint
from pcinput import getInteger

answer = randint( 1, 1000 )
count = 0

while True:
    guess = getInteger( "What is your guess? " )
    if guess < 1 or guess > 1000:
        print( "Your guess should be between 1 and 1000" )
        continue
    count += 1
    if guess < answer:
        print( "Higher" )
    elif guess > answer:
        print( "Lower" )
    else:
        print( "You guessed it!" )
        break
        
if count == 1:
    print( "You needed only one guess. Lucky bastard." )
else:
    print( "You needed", count, "guesses." )

Answer 7.9

from pcinput import getLetter
from sys import exit

count = 0
lowest = 0
highest = 1001
print( "Take a number in mind between 1 and 1000." )

while True:
    guess = int( (lowest + highest) / 2 )
    count += 1
    prompt = "I guess "+str( guess )+". Is your number"+\
        " (L)ower or (H)igher, or is this (C)orrect? "
    response = getLetter( prompt )
    if response == "C":
        break
    elif response == "L":
        highest = guess
    elif response =="H":
        lowest = guess
    else:
        print( "Please enter H, L, or C." )
        continue
    if lowest >= highest-1:
        print( "You must have made a mistake,", 
            "because you said that the answer is higher than",
            lowest, "but also lower than", highest )
        print( "I quit this game" )
        exit()

if count == 1:
    print( "I needed only one guess! I must be a mind reader." )
else:
    print( "I needed", count, "guesses." )

Answer 7.10

from pcinput import getInteger

num = getInteger( "Please enter a number: " )
if num < 2:
    print( num, "is not prime" )
else:
    i = 2
    while i*i <= num:
        if num%i == 0:
            print( num, "is not prime" )
            break
        i += 1
    else:
        print( num, "is prime" )

There is a small trick in this code to speed up the calculation enormously. The code only tests dividers up to the square root of num (i.e., it tests up to the point that i*i > num). The reason that it does this, is that if there is a number bigger than the square root of num that divides it, there must necessarily also be one smaller than that square root. For instance, if the number is 21, the square root is between 4 and 5. So the algorithm only tests numbers up to 4. There is a divider for 21 higher than 4, namely 7. But that means there must also be one lower than (or equal to) 4, and indeed, there is one, namely 3. This is a gigantic speedup compared to testing all numbers up to num; for instance, if num is somewhere in the neighborhood of 1 million, and is prime, you would need to test about 1 million numbers if you test all of them up to num, while this particular algorithm would only test about one thousand.

If you found this trick, great! If not, don’t worry: as long as your code works, you are doing just fine. The hard part is getting the code to work in the first place. As long as you accomplish that, you are well under way to becoming a great programmer.

One final note on this code: you should test it extensively! It is very easy to go wrong on particular numbers. In this case, make sure you test a negative number, zero, 1 (which all three should be reported as not prime), 2 (which is the lowest prime number and the only even one), 3 (which is the lowest odd prime), several not-prime numbers, several prime numbers, and numbers which are the square of a prime. Even better, if you can write a for loop around your code that tests all numbers between, for instance, -10 and 100, then you are really doing an extensive test of your code.

Answer 7.11

num = 9
print( ". |", end="" )
for i in range( 1, num+1 ):
    print( "{:>3}".format( i ), end="" )
print()
for i in range( 3*(num+1) ):
    print( "-", end="" )
print()
for i in range( 1, num+1 ):
    print( i, "|", end="" )
    for j in range( 1, num+1 ):
        print( "{:>3}".format( i*j ), end="" )
    print()

Answer 7.12

for i in range( 1, 101 ):
    for j in range( 1, i ):
        for k in range( j, i ):
            if j*j + k*k == i:
                print( "{} = {}**2 + {}**2".format( i, j, k ) )

A more efficient version of this algorithm is:

from math import sqrt

for i in range( 1, 101 ):
    for j in range( 1, int( sqrt( i ) )+1 ):
        for k in range( j, int( sqrt( i ) )+1 ):
            if j*j + k*k == i:
                print( "{} = {}**2 + {}**2".format( i, j, k ) )

Answer 7.13

from random import randint

TRIALS = 10000
DICE = 5
success = 0

for i in range( TRIALS ):
    lastdie = 0
    for j in range( DICE ):
        roll = randint( 1, 6 )
        if roll < lastdie:
            break
        lastdie = roll
    else:
        success += 1
        
print( "The probability of an increasing sequence",
    "of five die rolls is {:.3f}".format( success/TRIALS ) )

Answer 7.14

for A in range( 1, 10 ):
    for B in range( 10 ):
        if B == A:
            continue
        for C in range( 10 ):
            if C == A or C == B:
                continue
            for D in range( 1, 10 ):
                if D == A or D == B or D == C:
                    continue
                num1 = 1000*A + 100*B + 10*C + D
                num2 = 1000*D + 100*C + 10*B + A
                if num1 * 4 == num2:
                    print( "A={}, B={}, C={}, D={}".format( 
                        A, B, C, D ) )

The program will generate all combinations of A, B, C, and D that solve the puzzle. In this case there is only one, but the program continues seeking for more solutions until it has tested all possibilities. Fortunately, that process is very fast. If you want to stop the program once it has found a solution, the best approach is to put most of it in a function and return from that function as soon as a solution is found. Creating your own functions is discussed in the next chapter.

Answer 7.15

PIRATES = 5
coconuts = 0
while True:
    coconuts += 1
    pile = coconuts
    for i in range( PIRATES ):
        if pile % PIRATES != 1:
            break
        pile = (PIRATES-1) * int( (pile - 1) / PIRATES )
    if pile % PIRATES == 1:
        break
print( coconuts )

This solution start with zero coconuts and keeps adding coconuts to the pile until the pile is of a size whereby it can let each pirate take his share leaving one coconut, removing the share from the pile, and removing the remaining coconut. Testing whether a single coconut remains after division is done using the modulo operator. After all pirates took their share, the problem is solved if there again would be one coconut remaining when the pile is equally divided amongst the pirates.

Isn’t it a bit surprising that you can solve a problem for which the description is so long in so few lines of code?

Answer 7.16

First I give the solution that simulates each Triangle Crawler separately. The advantage of coding it like this is that it is not hard to accomplish. The disadvantage is that this code is rather slow. It should be pretty easy to understand how this solution works:

from random import randint

NUMCRAWLERS = 100000
totalage = NUMCRAWLERS # They all live at least one day

for i in range( NUMCRAWLERS ):
    if randint( 0, 2 ): # Don't die on first day
        totalage += 1
        while randint( 0, 1 ): # Don't die on following day
            totalage += 1

print( "{:.2f}".format( totalage / NUMCRAWLERS ) )

The second solution considers the population as one big whole, and simply divides it up into chunks. The first day, it takes out a chunk the size of a third of the population, adds to the total age the fact that this chunk only lived for one day, and lets the rest remain. On the second day, it takes out half the population, and adds to the total age that those lived for two days. On the third day, it again takes out half of the remainder, and adds up that those lived three days. This continues until no Crawlers remain.

It should be noted that often there will be a Crawler remaining which could not be divided (as a Crawler either survives or dies, but it cannot be Schrödinger’s Cat). Such a Crawler is assigned randomly to the group that dies or the group that survives. You can see that this code can deal with huge numbers of Triangle Crawlers without problems.

from random import randint

NUMCRAWLERS = 1000000000
num = NUMCRAWLERS
die = int( num / 3 )
if NUMCRAWLERS % 3:
    if randint( 0, NUMCRAWLERS % 3 ): # Remaining on day 1
        die += 1
totalage = die # Day-1 deaths added to totalage
num -= die

age = 2
while num > 0:
    die = int( num / 2 )
    num -= die # Kill off half the population
    if die != num: # There is a single remaining
        if randint( 0, 1 ): # Decide on kill of single
            die, num = num, die # swap values
    totalage += die * age
    age += 1

print( "{:.2f}".format( totalage / NUMCRAWLERS ) )

Finally, I present a solution that I did not suggest, but that works great. It is very brief, incredibly fast, and gives an almost exact answer. It simply calculates

\[\frac{1}{3} + \frac{2}{3}(\frac{1}{2}(2 + \frac{1}{2}(3 + \frac{1}{2}(4 + \frac{1}{2}(5 + \hellip) ) ) ) )\]

for a limited number of terms, in this case 100, which is plenty to get a highly accurate approximation. Of course, this a calculation rather than a simulation, but it is the mathematical expression that you were actually asked to solve.

estimate = 1/3
remainder = 2/3
for days in range( 2, 101 ):
    remainder /= 2
    estimate += remainder * days
print( "{:.2f}".format( estimate ) )

By the way, the exact answer is \(2\frac{1}{3}\) days; an approximation should give 2.33 or 2.34.

Chapter 910

Answer 8.1

from pcinput import getInteger

# multiplicationtable gets an integer as parameter.
# It prints the multiplication table for that integer.
def multiplicationtable( n ):
    i = 1
    while i <= 10:
        print( i, "*", n, "=", i*n )
        i += 1

num = getInteger( "Give a number: " )
multiplicationtable( num )

Answer 8.2

from pcinput import getString

# commoncharacters gets two strings as parameters.
# It returns the number of characters that they have in common.
def commoncharacters( w1, w2 ):
    common = ""
    for letter in w1:
        if (letter in w2) and (letter not in common):
            common += letter
    return len( common )

word1 = getString( "Give word 1: " )
word2 = getString( "Give word 2: " )

num = commoncharacters( word1, word2 )
if num <= 0:
    print( "The words share no characters." )
elif num == 1:
    print( "The words have one character in common" )
else:
    print( "The words have", num, "characters in common")

Answer 8.3

# The function gregoryLeibnitz approximates pi using the Gregory-
# Leibnitz series. It gets one parameter, which is an integer 
# that indicates how many terms are calculated. It returns the 
# approximation as a float.
def gregoryLeibnitz( num ):
    appr = 0
    for i in range( num ):
        if i%2 == 0:
            appr += 1/(1 + i*2)
        else:
            appr -= 1/(1 + i*2)
    return 4*appr

print( gregoryLeibnitz( 50 ) )

Answer 8.4

from pcinput import getFloat
from math import sqrt

# This function solves a quadratic equation.
# Its parameters are the numeric values for A, B, and C in the 
# equation Ax**2 + Bx + C = 0. It returns three values: an int 
# 0, 1, or 2, indicating the number of solutions, followed by two 
# numbers which are the solutions. With no solutions, both 
# solutions are set to zero. With one solution, it is returned as 
# the first of the two, while the other is set to zero.
def quadraticFormula( a, b, c ):
    if a == 0:
        if b == 0:
            return 0, 0, 0
        return 1, -c/b, 0
    discriminant = b*b - 4*a*c
    if discriminant < 0:
        return 0, 0, 0
    elif discriminant == 0:
        return 1, -b/(2*a), 0
    else:
        return 2, (-b+sqrt(discriminant))/(2*a), \
            (-b-sqrt(discriminant))/(2*a)
    
num, sol1, sol2 = quadraticFormula( getFloat( "A: " ), 
    getFloat( "B: " ), getFloat( "C: " ) )
if num == 0:
    print( "There are no solutions" )
elif num == 1:
    print( "There is one solution, namely:", sol1 )
else:
    print( "There are two solutions, namely:", sol1, "and", sol2)

Answer 8.5

from pcinput import getInteger

def getNumber( prompt ):
    while True:
        num = getInteger( prompt )
        if num < 0 or num > 1000:
            print( "Please enter a number between 0 and 1000" )
            continue
        return num

def main():
    while True:
        x = getNumber( "Enter number 1: " )
        if x == 0:
            break
        y = getNumber( "Enter number 2: " )
        if y == 0:
            break
        if x%y == 0 or y%x == 0:
            print( "Error: the numbers cannot be dividers" )
            return
        print( "Multiplication of", x, "and", y, "gives", x * y )
    print( "Goodbye!" )

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

Answer 8.6

# Calculates the factorial of parameter n, which must be an 
# integer. Returns the value of the factorial as an integer.
def factorial( n ):
    value = 1
    for i in range( 2, n+1 ):
        value *= i
    return value

# Calculates n over k; parameters n and k are integers. Returns 
# the value n over k as an integer (because it always must be 
# an integer).
def binomialCoefficient( n, k ):
    if k > n:
        return 0
    return int( factorial( n ) / 
        (factorial( k )*factorial( n - k )) )

def main():
    print( factorial( 5 ) )
    print( binomialCoefficient( 8, 3 ) )
    
if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

Answer 8.7

The code tries to print the return value of the function area_of_triangle(), but since this function has no return value, it prints the word None. To display the output of a function, you can either print the output in the function and then call it without using the return value, or you let the function produce the output, return it, and print the return value of the function in your main program. Not both. In general it is preferable if functions do not do the printing themselves, because it makes them more generally usable (for instance, the function area_of_triangle(), if it just returns the area instead of printing it, you can not only use the function to print the area, but also use the area in calculations). If you do not understand the explanation given here, revisit Chapter 611.

Chapter 1012

Answer 9.1

def fib( n ):
    if n <= 2:
        return 1
    return fib( n-1 ) + fib( n-2 )

print( fib( 20 ) )

Answer 9.2

def fib( n, depth ):
    indent = 6 * depth * " "
    print( "{}fib({})".format( indent, n ) )
    if n <= 2:
        print( "{}return {}".format( indent, 1 ) )
        return 1
    value = fib( n-1, depth+1 ) + fib( n-2, depth+1 )
    print( "{}return {}".format( indent, value ) )
    return value

print( fib( 5, 0 ) )

Answer 9.3

Since the Fibonacci sequence can just as easily be implemented as an iterative function (you did this in the previous chapter), doing it as a recursive function is not a good idea. The reasons are the same as for the factorial, explained in the chapter. There is the additional reason that the recursive definition basically calculates all terms of the sequence multiple times, as you can see when you look at the output for the second exercise, while calculating them just once suffices.

Answer 9.4

def gcd( m, n ):
    if m % n == 0:
        return n
    return gcd( n, m%n )
    
print( gcd( 7*5*13, 2*3*7*11 ) )

Interestingly, while the definition of the algorithm distinguishes the smallest and the largest number, you actually do not have to make that distinction in your code. If you call the function with the two exchanged, it just leads to one extra recursive call.

Answer 9.5

The problem in this code is that when I enter a string with two illegal characters, then it will recursively call itself twice, namely once for each of the letters. So, for instance, if the user enters "route67", it will first call itself recursively for the "6". If the user then enters a correct string, the function should end. Instead, it continues checking the original input "route67", finds the "7", and calls itself recursively again to ask for yet another string. I could explain how you can solve this problem by fixing the code, but the real fix here is that you should not write recursive functions that interact with the user.

Answer 9.6

SIZE = 4

def solve_hanoi( pole_from, pole_tmp, pole_to, size ):
    if size == 1:
        print( "Disc 1 from", pole_from, "to", pole_to )
        return 1
    moves = solve_hanoi( pole_from, pole_to, pole_tmp, size-1 )
    print( "Disc", size, "from", pole_from, "to", pole_to )
    moves += 1+solve_hanoi( pole_tmp, pole_from, pole_to, size-1)
    return moves

moves = solve_hanoi( 'A', 'B', 'C', SIZE )
print( moves, "moves needed" )

An iterative approach to solve this puzzle is the following. Repeat these two steps until the problem is solved: (1) Move disc 1 to the next pole; (2) Move a disc that is not disc 1 to another pole (there is always exactly one disc for which you can do this). The only decision that remains is whether you should move disc 1 “clockwise” or “counter-clockwise.” If the size of the biggest disc is even, go clockwise (A to B, B to C, or C to A). Otherwise, go counter-clockwise (A to C, C to B, or B to A). This solution is fast and avoids recursion, which means that it works for bigger disc sizes than the recursive solution tends to allow. However, it is more complex to implement as you have to represent each pole as a list of discs (lists will be introduced in Chapter 1313), and you have to find a way to check whether the game is solved (you can just take the number of necessary moves, which is \(2^N-1\)).

Chapter 1114

Answer 10.1

text = """And Saint Attila raised the hand grenade up on high,
saying, "O Lord, bless this thy hand grenade, that with it
thou mayst blow thine enemies to tiny bits, in thy mercy." 
And the Lord did grin. And the people did feast upon the lambs, 
and sloths, and carp, and anchovies, and orangutans, and 
breakfast cereals, and fruit bats, and large chu..."""

counta, counte, counti, counto, countu = 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
for c in text:
    if c.upper() == "A":
        counta += 1
    elif c.upper() == "E":
        counte += 1
    elif c.upper() == "I":
        counti += 1
    elif c.upper() == "O":
        counto += 1
    elif c.upper() == "U":
        countu += 1
        
print( "Counts: a={}, e={}, i={}, o={}, u={}".format( 
    counta, counte, counti, counto, countu ) )

Answer 10.2

text = """And sending tinted postcards of places they don't 
realise they haven't even visited to 'All at nu[m]ber 22, weather 
w[on]derful, our room is marked with an 'X'. Wish you were here. 
Food very greasy but we've found a charming li[t]tle local place 
hidden awa[y ]in the back streets where they serve Watney's Red 
Barrel and cheese and onion cris[p]s and the accordionist pla[y]s 
"Maybe i[t]'s because I'm a Londoner"' and spending four days on 
the tarmac at Luton airport on a five-day package tour wit[h] 
n[o]thing to eat but dried Watney's sa[n]dwiches..."""

start = -1
while True:
    start = text.find( "[", start+1 )
    if start < 0:
        break
    finish = text.find( "]", start )
    if finish < 0:
        break
    print( text[start+1:finish], end="" )
    start = finish 
print()

Answer 10.3

ch = "A"
while ch <= "Z":
    print( ch, end=" " )
    ch = chr( ord( ch )+1 )
print()

for i in range( 26 ):
    rotr13 = (i + 13)%26
    ch = chr( ord( "A" ) + rotr13 )
    print( ch, end=" " )

Answer 10.4

text = """How much wood would a woodchuck chuck
If a woodchuck could chuck wood?
He would chuck, he would, as much as he could,
And chuck as much as a woodchuck would
If a woodchuck could chuck wood."""

def clean( s ):
    news = ""
    s = s.lower()
    for c in s:
        if c >= "a" and c <= "z":
            news += c
        else:
            news += " "
    return news

count = 0
for word in clean( text ).split():
    if word == "wood":
        count += 1

print( "Number of times \"wood\" occurs in the text:", count )

Note that in the example text, the word “wood” never occurs with a capital. For a solid test, you should insert “wood” written with one or more capitals in the text somewhere.

Answer 10.5

text = "Hello, world!"
newtext = ""

while len( text ) > 0:
    i = 0
    ch = text[i]
    j = 1
    while j < len( text ):
        if text[j] < ch:
            ch = text[j]
            i = j
        j += 1
    text = text[:i] + text[i+1:]
    newtext += ch
    
print( newtext )

Answer 10.6

from sys import exit

sentence = "as it turned out our chance meeting with REverend \
aRTHUR BElling was was to change our whole way of life, and \
every sunday we'd hurry along to St lOONY up the Cream BUn \
and Jam..."

# Just check if there really is a sentence.
if len( sentence  ) <= 0:
    exit()

# Capitalize first letter 
newsentence = sentence[0].upper() + sentence[1:]

wordlist = newsentence.split()
lastword = ""
newsentence = ""

for word in wordlist:

    # Correct double capitals
    if len( word ) > 2 and word[0] >= "A" and word[0] <= "Z" and\
        word[1] >= "A" and word[1] <= "Z" and word[2] >= "a" and\
        word[2] <= "z":
        word = word[0] + word[1].lower() + word[2:]
    
    # Capitalize days
    day = word.lower()
    if day == "sunday" or day == "monday" or day == "tuesday" or\
        day == "wednesday" or day == "thursday" or \
        day == "friday" or day == "saturday":
        word = day[0].upper() + day[1:]
    
    # Correct CAPS LOCK
    if word[0] >= "a" and word[0] <= "z":
        allcaps = True
        for c in word[1:]:
            if not (c >= "A" and c <= "Z"):
                allcaps = False
                break
        if allcaps:
            word = word[0].upper() + word[1:].lower()
    
    # Remove duplicates
    if word == lastword: 
        continue
        
    newsentence += word + " "
    lastword = word
    
newsentence = newsentence.strip()
print( newsentence )

Chapter 1215

Answer 11.1

I created display_complex() to nicely format complex numbers (it will not show a real part which is zero, or a 1 in front of the \(i\), or clump a plus and minus together). Creating such a function was not a requirement.

def add_complex( c1, c2 ):
    return (c1[0] + c2[0], c1[1] + c2[1])

def display_complex( c ):
    s = "("
    if c[1] == 0:
        return str( c[0] )
    elif c[0] != 0:
        s += str( c[0] )
        if c[1] > 0:
            s += "+"
    if c[1] != 1:
        if c[1] == -1:
            s += "-"
        else:
            s += str( c[1] )
    s += "i)"
    return s

num1 = (2,1)
num2 = (0,2)
print( display_complex( num1 ), "+", display_complex( num2 ), 
    "=", display_complex( add_complex( num1, num2 ) ) )

Answer 11.2

I used a less nice version of display_complex() for this solution.

def multiply_complex( c1, c2 ):
    return (c1[0]*c2[0] - c2[1]*c1[1], c1[0]*c2[1] + c1[1]*c2[0])

def display_complex( c ):
    return "({},{}i)".format( c[0], c[1] )

num1 = (2,1)
num2 = (0,2)
print( display_complex( num1 ), "*", display_complex( num2 ), 
    "=", display_complex( multiply_complex( num1, num2 ) ) )

Answer 11.3

inttuple = ( 1, 2, ( 3, 4 ), 5, ( ( 6, 7, 8, ( 9, 10 ), 11 ), 12, 
    13 ), ( ( 14, 15, 16 ), ( 17, 18, 19, 20 ) ) )

def display_inttuple( it ):
    for element in it:
        if isinstance( element, int ):
            print( element, end=" ")
        else:
            display_inttuple( element )

display_inttuple( inttuple )

Chapter 1316

Answer 12.1

from random import choice

answers = [ "It is certain", "It is decidedly so", "Without a \
doubt", "Yes, definitely", "You may rely on it", "As I see it, \
yes", "Most likely", "Outlook good", "Yes", "Signs point to yes", 
"Reply hazy try again", "Ask again later", "Better not tell you \
now", "Cannot predict now", "Concentrate and ask again", "Don't \
count on it", "My reply is no", "My sources say no", "Outlook \
not so good", "Very doubtful" ]

input( "Ask the magic 8-ball your question: " )
print( "The magic 8-ball says:", choice( answers ) )

The choice() function from random selects a random item from a list. You could also have used randint(), selecting an index from the range 0 to len( answers )-1.

Answer 12.2

from random import randint

deck = []
for value in ("Ace", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7", "8", 
    "10", "Jack", "Queen", "King"):
    for suit in ("Hearts", "Spaces", "Clubs", "Diamonds"):
        deck.append( value + " of " + suit )
        
for i in range( len( deck ) ):
    j = randint( i, len( deck )-1 )
    deck[i], deck[j] = deck[j], deck[i]
    
for card in deck:
    print( card )

Answer 12.3

fifo = []
while True:
    k = input( "> " )
    if k == "":
        break
    if k != "?":
        fifo.append( k )
    elif len( fifo ) > 0:
        print( fifo.pop(0) )
    else:
        print( "List is empty" )

Answer 12.4

text = """Now, it's quite simple to defend yourself against a 
man armed with a banana. First of all you force him to drop 
the banana; then, second, you eat the banana, thus disarming 
him. You have now rendered him helpless."""

def count_letter( x ):
    return x[0], -ord(x[1]) 

countlist = []
for i in range( 26 ):
    countlist.append( [0, chr(ord("a")+i)] )
    
for letter in text.lower():
    if letter >= "a" and letter <= "z":
        countlist[ord(letter)-ord("a")][0] += 1
        
countlist.sort( reverse=True, key=count_letter )
    
for count in countlist:
    print( "{:3}: {}".format( count[0],count[1] ) )

Answer 12.5

There are basically two general approaches to this program: either you make a list of numbers, or you make a list of booleans and use the index as numbers. In the solution below, I used the booleans method. I start the list at zero, as that saves many subtractions while only adding one useless boolean. The method is really fast because I can work with indices.

numbers = 101 * [True]
numbers[1] = False
for i in range( 1, len( numbers ) ):
    if not numbers[i]:
        continue
    print( i, end=" " )
    j = 2
    while j*i < len( numbers ):
        numbers[j*i] = False
        j += 1

In the code below, I use the alternative method. I use the range() function to create the list. I actually remove items from the list when I know that they are not prime, which reduces the number of list manipulations needed when increasing numbers are removed.

MAXNUM = 100
numbers = list( range(2,MAXNUM+1) )
i = 0
while i < len( numbers ):
    j = i+1
    while j < len( numbers ):
        if numbers[j]%numbers[i]:
            j += 1
        else:
            numbers.pop(j)
    i += 1
for i in numbers:
    print( i, end=" " )

Answer 12.6

from pcinput import getInteger

EMPTY = "-"
PLAYERX = "X"
PLAYERO = "O"
MAXMOVE = 9

def display_board( b ):
    print( "  1 2 3" )
    for row in range( 3 ):
        print( row+1, end=" ")
        for col in range( 3 ):
            print( b[row][col], end=" " )
        print()

def opponent( p ):
    if p == PLAYERX:
        return PLAYERO
    return PLAYERX
        
def getRowCol( player, what ):
    while True:
        num = getInteger( "Player "+player+", which "+what+
            " do you play? " )
        if num < 1 or num > 3:
            print( "Please enter 1, 2, or 3" )
            continue
        return num
    
def winner( b ):
    for row in range( 3 ):
        if b[row][0] != EMPTY and b[row][0] == b[row][1] \
            and b[row][0] == b[row][2]:
            return True
    for col in range( 3 ):
        if b[0][col] != EMPTY and b[0][col] == b[1][col] \
            and b[0][col] == b[2][col]:
            return True
    if b[1][1] != EMPTY:
        if b[1][1] == b[0][0] and b[1][1] == b[2][2]:
            return True
        if b[1][1] == b[0][2] and b[1][1] == b[2][0]:
            return True
    return False

board = [[EMPTY,EMPTY,EMPTY],[EMPTY,EMPTY,EMPTY],
    [EMPTY,EMPTY,EMPTY]]
player = PLAYERX

display_board( board )
move = 0
while True:
    row = getRowCol( player, "row" )
    col = getRowCol( player, "column" )
    if board[row-1][col-1] != EMPTY:
        print( "There is already a piece at row", row, 
            "and column", col )
        continue
    board[row-1][col-1] = player
    display_board( board )
    if winner( board ):
        print( "Player", player, "won!" )
        break
    move += 1
    if move == MAXMOVE:
        print( "It's a draw." )
        break
    player = opponent( player )

Answer 12.7

from pcinput import getString
from random import randint

EMPTY = "."
BATTLESHIP = "X"
SHIPS = 3
WIDTH = 4
HEIGHT = 3

def displayBoard( b ):
    print( "  ", end="" )
    for col in range( WIDTH ):
        print( chr( ord("A")+col ), end=" " )
    print()
    for row in range( HEIGHT ):
        print( row+1, end=" ")
        for col in range( WIDTH ):
            print( b[row][col], end=" " )
        print()

def placeBattleships( b ):
    for i in range( SHIPS ):
        while True:
            x = randint( 0, WIDTH-1 )
            y = randint( 0, HEIGHT-1 )
            if b[y][x] == BATTLESHIP:
                continue
            if x > 0 and b[y][x-1] == BATTLESHIP:
                continue
            if x < WIDTH-1 and b[y][x+1] == BATTLESHIP:
                continue
            if y > 0 and b[y-1][x] == BATTLESHIP:
                continue
            if y < HEIGHT-1 and b[y+1][x] == BATTLESHIP:
                continue
            break
        b[y][x] = BATTLESHIP
    
def getTarget():
    while True:
        cell = getString( "Which cell do you target? " ).upper()
        if len( cell ) != 2:
            print( "Please enter a cell as XY,",
                "where X is a letter and Y a digit" )
            continue
        if cell[0] not in "ABCD":
            print( "The first character of the cell",
                "should be a letter in the range A-"+
                chr( ord("A")+WIDTH-1 ) )
            continue
        if cell[1] not in "123":
            print( "The second character of the cell should be",
                "a digit in the range 1-"+str( HEIGHT ) )
            continue
        return ord(cell[0])-ord("A"), ord(cell[1])-ord("1")      
    
board = []
for i in range( HEIGHT ):
    row = WIDTH * [EMPTY]
    board.append( row )
placeBattleships( board )
displayBoard( board )

hits = 0
moves = 0
while hits < SHIPS:
    x, y = getTarget()
    if board[y][x] == BATTLESHIP:
        print( "You sunk my battleship!" )
        board[y][x] = EMPTY
        hits += 1
    else:
        print( "Miss!" )
    moves += 1

print( "You needed", moves, "moves to sink all battleships." )

Answer 12.8

# Recursive function that determines if intlist, which is a list 
# of integers, contains a subset that adds up to total. It  
# returns the subset, or empty list if there is no such subset.
def subset_that_adds_up_to( intlist, total ):
    for num in intlist:
        if num == total:
            return [num]
        newlist = intlist[:]
        newlist.remove( num )
        retlist = subset_that_adds_up_to( newlist, total-num )
        if len( retlist ) > 0:
            retlist.insert( 0, num )
            return( retlist )
    return []

numlist = [ 3, 8, -1, 4, -5, 6 ]

solution = subset_that_adds_up_to( numlist, 0 )

if len( solution ) <= 0:
    print( "There is no subset which adds up to zero" )
else:
    for i in range( len( solution ) ):
        if solution[i] < 0 or i == 0:
            print( solution[i], end="" )
        else:
            print( "+{}".format( solution[i] ), end="" )
    print( "=0" )

The recursive function works as follows: It loops through all numbers on intlist. If the current number is equal to total, it has found a solution and returns a list which contains only that number. Otherwise, it recursively calls itself with a copy of intlist from which the current number is removed, for a total which is reduced by the current number (e.g., if the current number is 3 and the total is 5, it removes 3 from the list and checks whether a total of 2 can be achieved with the remaining list, because then 5 could be achieved by adding 3 to the solution for the remaining list). If the recursive call returns a list that is not empty, a solution is found, so the current number is appended to the returned list, and the result is returned. Once all numbers have been processed and no solution was found, an empty list is returned.

Note: The solution to this problem tests all possible subsets until one is found that solves the problem, or all of them have been tested. You might wonder whether there are smarter solutions, considering the fact that the number of subset rises exponentially with the size of the list. The answer is that there might be solutions which improve upon this one (for instance, I could take into account that if a number occurs multiple times on the list that some subsets occur multiple times and need only be tested once), but that for general lists of numbers, no algorithm is known that avoids having to process each and every subset if there is no solution. For those who know some complexity theory: the subset sum problem is “NP-hard.”

Chapter 1417

Answer 13.1

text = """How much wood would a woodchuck chuck
If a woodchuck could chuck wood?
He would chuck, he would, as much as he could,
And chuck as much as a woodchuck would
If a woodchuck could chuck wood."""

def clean( s ):
    news = ""
    s = s.lower()
    for c in s:
        if c >= "a" and c <= "z":
            news += c
        else:
            news += " "
    return news

worddict = {}
for word in clean( text ).split():
    worddict[word] = worddict.get( word, 0 ) + 1
    
keylist = list( worddict.keys() )
keylist.sort()
for key in keylist:
    print( "{}: {}".format( key, worddict[key] ) )

Answer 13.2

movies = {  "Monty Python and the Holy Grail": 
            [ 9, 10, 9.5, 8.5, 3, 7.5,8 ],
            "Monty Python's Life of Brian": 
            [ 10, 10, 0, 9, 1, 8, 7.5, 8, 6, 9 ],
            "Monty Python's Meaning of Life": 
            [ 7, 6, 5 ],
            "And Now For Something Completely Different": 
            [ 6, 5, 6, 6 ] }

keylist = list( movies.keys() )
keylist.sort()
for key in keylist:
    print( "{}: {}".format( key, round( 
        sum( movies[key] )/len( movies[key] ), 1 ) ) )

Answer 13.3

Many answers are possible. Probably the simplest one is to use a dictionary where the keys are tuples of writers’ last and first names, and the values are lists of all the books of a writer. A book is a tuple consisting of title and location. To find all the books of a writer, use the writer’s last and first name to find a list of his books. To find the location of a specific book of a writer, get the list of his books and find the book on that list, then get the corresponding location. You could choose to store the book list also as a dictionary with a book’s title as key, but writers usually do not write so many books that you need to do that. Of course, using names as keys is not a great idea as it is easy to make spelling mistakes, and book titles as keys would be even less useful, but these were the only identifying elements I described. I can’t complain if you want to introduce easier and less ambiguous keys in such a data structure (but in general, you should divert to a database system to deal with libraries).

Chapter 1518

Answer 14.1

allthings = {"Socrates", "Plato", "Eratosthenes", "Zeus", "Hera", 
    "Athens", "Acropolis", "Cat", "Dog"}
men = {"Socrates", "Plato", "Eratosthenes"}
mortalthings = {"Socrates","Plato","Eratosthenes","Cat","Dog"}

print( men.issubset( mortalthings ) ) # (a)
print( "Socrates" in men ) # (b)
print( "Socrates" in mortalthings ) # (c)
print( len( mortalthings.difference( men ) ) > 0 ) # (d)
print( len( allthings.difference( mortalthings ) ) > 0 ) # (e)

Answer 14.2

set3 = set( [3*x for x in range( 1, int( 1001/3 ) )] )
set7 = set( [7*x for x in range( 1, int( 1001/7 ) )] )
set11 = set( [11*x for x in range( 1, int( 1001/11 ) )] )

seta = set3 & set7 & set11
setb = (set3 & set7) - set11
setc = set( range( 1, 1001 ) ) - set3 - set7 - set11

Chapter 1619

Answer 15.1

from os import listdir, getcwd

flist = listdir( "." )
for name in flist:
    print( getcwd() + "/" + name )

Chapter 1720

Answer 16.1

The code below is mostly a copy of some code you had to write in Chapter 1421. The only difference is that the text here is not provided as a string, but read from a file.

def clean( s ):
    news = ""
    s = s.lower()
    for c in s:
        if c >= "a" and c <= "z":
            news += c
        else:
            news += " "
    return news

fp = open( "pc_woodchuck.txt" )
text = fp.read()
fp.close()

wdict = {}
for word in clean( text ).split():
    wdict[word] = wdict.get( word, 0 ) + 1
    
keylist = list( wdict.keys() )
keylist.sort()
for key in keylist:
    print( "{}: {}".format( key, wdict[key] ) )

Answer 16.2

def clean( s ):
    news = ""
    s = s.lower()
    for c in s:
        if c >= "a" and c <= "z":
            news += c
        else:
            news += " "
    return news

wdict = {}
fp = open( "pc_woodchuck.txt" )
while True:
    line = fp.readline()
    if line == "":
        break
    for word in clean( line ).split():
        wdict[word] = wdict.get( word, 0 ) + 1
fp.close()
    
keylist = list( wdict.keys() )
keylist.sort()
for key in keylist:
    print( "{}: {}".format( key, wdict[key] ) )

Answer 16.3

from os.path import join
from os import getcwd

def removevowels( line ):
    newline = ""
    for c in line:
        if c not in "aeiouAEIOU":
            newline += c
    return newline

inputname = join( getcwd(), "pc_woodchuck.txt" )
outputname = join( getcwd(), "pc_woodchuck.tmp" )

fpi = open( inputname )
fpo = open( outputname, "w" )

countread = 0
countwritten = 0

while True:
    line = fpi.readline()
    if line == "":
        break
    countread += len( line )
    line = removevowels( line )
    fpo.write( line )
    countwritten += len( line )

fpo.close()
fpi.close()

print( "Characters read:", countread )
print( "Characters written:", countwritten )

Answer 16.4

The solution below makes use of sets: a set is created for each file, which contains all the words from that file that have 2 letters or more. You can change the length of the words searched for by changing WORDLEN. To make the program flexible, it is not limited to just three sets, but uses as many sets as there are names in the file list. At the end, the program creates an intersection of all the sets to determine the words that meet the requirements.

from os.path import join
from os import getcwd

WORDLEN = 2

def clean( s ):
    news = ""
    s = s.lower()
    for c in s:
        if c >= "a" and c <= "z":
            news += c
        else:
            news += " "
    return news

files = ["pc_jabberwocky.txt","pc_rose.txt","pc_woodchuck.txt"]
setlist = []

for name in files:
    filename = join( getcwd(), name )
    wordset = set()
    setlist.append( wordset )
    fp = open( filename )
    while True:
        line = fp.readline()
        if line == "":
            break
        wordlist = clean( line ).split()
        for word in wordlist:
            if len( word ) >= WORDLEN:
                wordset.add( word )
    fp.close()

combination = setlist[0].copy()
i = 1
while i < len( setlist ):
    combination = combination & setlist[i]
    i += 1
for word in combination:
    print( word )

Answer 16.5

Again, in the solution below I chose to be flexible as far as the number of files is concerned. The program is easier to write if you assume there are three files, and no more. If you chose such a solution, that is acceptable as long as the program does what it should do, as allowing it to work with a variable number of files is more an exercise for the chapter on iterations. However, by now you should be quite familiar with iterations, so try to apply them whenever they provide a superior solution.

from os.path import join
from os import getcwd

files = ["pc_jabberwocky.txt","pc_rose.txt","pc_woodchuck.txt"]
letterlist = [ len( files )*[0] for i in range( 26 ) ]
totallist = len( files ) * [0]

# Process all the input files, read their contents line by line,
# make them lower case, and keep track of the letter counts in 
# letterlist, while keeping track of total counts in totallist.
filecount = 0
for name in files:
    filename = join( getcwd(), name )
    fp = open( filename )
    while True:
        line = fp.readline()
        if line == "":
            break
        line = line.lower()
        for c in line:
            if c >= 'a' and c <= 'z':
                totallist[filecount] += 1
                letterlist[ord(c)-ord("a")][filecount] += 1
    fp.close()
    filecount += 1

# Write the counts in CSV format.
outfilename = join( getcwd(), "pc_writetest.csv" )
fp = open( outfilename, "w" )
for i in range( len( letterlist ) ):
    s = "\"{}\"".format( chr( ord("a")+i ) )
    for j in range( len( files ) ):
        s += ",{:.5f}".format( letterlist[i][j]/totallist[j] )
    fp.write( s+"\n" )
fp.close()

# Print the contents of the created output file as a check.
fp = open( outfilename )
print( fp.read() )
fp.close()

Chapter 1822

Answer 17.1

The code can generate a ValueError when you enter something that is not an integer, an IndexError when you give an index outside the range {-5,4}, a ZeroDivisionError when you enter index 2, and a TypeError when you enter index 3. The code below does the most straightforward handling, but you can also build a loop around the code so that the user gets asked for new inputs until it works.

numlist = [ 100, 101, 0, "103", 104 ]
try:
    i1 = int( input( "Give an index: " ) )
    print( "100 /", numlist[i1], "=", 100 / numlist[i1] )
except ValueError:
    print( "You did not enter an integer" )
except IndexError:
    print( "You should specify an index between -5 and 4" )
except ZeroDivisionError:
    print( "It looks like the list contains a zero" )
except TypeError:
    print( "it looks like there is a non-numeric item" )
except:
    print( "Something unexpected happened" )
    raise

Chapter 1923

Answer 18.1

For this program I created a copy of “pc_rose.txt” and called it “pc_rose_copy.txt.” To demonstrate what happens, I display the contents of the file before and after the encryption process.

FILENAME = "pc_rose_copy.txt"

def display_contents( filename ):
    fp = open( filename, "rb" )
    print( fp.read() )
    fp.close()
    
def encrypt( filename ):
    fp = open( filename, "r+b" )
    buffer = fp.read()
    fp.seek(0)
    for c in buffer:
        if c >= 128:
            fp.write( bytes( [c-128] ) )
        else:
            fp.write( bytes( [c+128] ) )
    fp.close()
    
display_contents( FILENAME )
encrypt( FILENAME )
display_contents( FILENAME )

Answer 18.2

letters = "etaoinshrdlcum "
unencoded = "Hello, world!"

# Print the unencoded string, as a check.
print( unencoded, len( unencoded ) )

# Create a half-byte-list as a basis for the encoding.
halfbytelist = []
for c in unencoded:
    if c in letters:
        halfbytelist.append( letters.index( c )+1 )
    else:
        byte = ord( c )
        halfbytelist.extend( [0, int( byte/16 ), byte%16 ] )
if len( halfbytelist )%2 != 0:
    halfbytelist.append( 0 )

# Turn the half-byte-list into a byte-list.
bytelist = []
for i in range( 0, len( halfbytelist ), 2 ):
    bytelist.append( 16*halfbytelist[i] + halfbytelist[i+1] )

# Turn the byte-list into a byte string and print it, as a check. 
encoded = bytes( bytelist )
print( encoded, len( encoded ) )

This solution needs 25 lines of code, of which 4 are comments, 4 are empty lines, and 3 are only for testing purposes. So, basically, 14 lines of code suffices. That wasn’t too bad, right?

Answer 18.3

letters = "etaoinshrdlcum "
encoded = b'\x04\x81\xbb@,\xf0wI\xba\x02\x10'

# Print the encoded byte string, as a check.
print( encoded, len( encoded ) )

# Create a half-byte-list on the basis of the byte string.
halfbytelist = []
for c in encoded:
    halfbytelist.extend( [ int( c/16 ), c%16 ] )
if halfbytelist[-1] == 0:
    del halfbytelist[-1]
    
# Turn the half-byte-list into a string.
decoded = ""
while len( halfbytelist ) > 0:
    num = halfbytelist.pop(0)
    if num > 0:
        decoded += letters[num-1]
        continue
    num = 16*halfbytelist.pop(0) + halfbytelist.pop(0)
    decoded += chr( num )

# Print the string, as a check.
print( decoded, len( decoded ) )

Answer 18.4

This program looks like it is quite long, but it is straightforward. compress() and decompress() were developed in the previous two exercises (I changed them so that input and output are byte strings). The rest of the program is mainly the handling of potential errors in dealing with the files. You often see this in programs: the core functionality needs a few lines, while handling of potential problems takes three-quarters of the code.

from pcinput import getString, getLetter
from os.path import exists, getsize

LETTERS = b"etaoinshrdlcum "

# Compress byte string unencoded, return the compressed version.
def compress( unencoded ):
    halfbytelist = []
    for c in unencoded:
        if c in LETTERS:
            halfbytelist.append( LETTERS.index( c )+1 )
        else:
            halfbytelist.extend( [0, int( c/16 ), c%16 ] )
    if len( halfbytelist )%2 != 0:
        halfbytelist.append( 0 )
    bytelist = []
    for i in range( 0, len( halfbytelist ), 2 ):
        bytelist.append( 16*halfbytelist[i] + halfbytelist[i+1] )
    return bytes( bytelist )

# Decompress byte string encoded, return decompressed version.
def decompress( encoded ):
    halfbytelist = []
    for c in encoded:
        halfbytelist.extend( [ int( c/16 ), c%16 ] )
    if halfbytelist[-1] == 0:
        del halfbytelist[-1]
    bytelist = []
    while len( halfbytelist ) > 0:
        num = halfbytelist.pop(0)
        if num > 0:
            bytelist.append( LETTERS[num-1] )
            continue
        num = 16*halfbytelist.pop(0) + halfbytelist.pop(0)
        bytelist.append( num )
    return bytes( bytelist )

# Ask for the input file and read its contents.
while True:
    filein = getString( "Which is the input file? " )
    if not exists( filein ):
        print( filein, "does not exist" )
        continue
    try:
        fp = open( filein, "rb" )
        buffer = fp.read()
        fp.close()
    except IOError as ex:
        print( filein, "cannot be processed, choose another" )
        print( "Error [{}]: {}".format( ex.args[0], ex.args[1] ))
        continue
    break
    
# Ask for the output file and create it.
while True:
    fileout = getString( "Which is the output file? " )
    if exists( fileout ):
        print( fileout, "already exists" )
        continue
    try:
        fp = open( fileout, "wb" )
    except IOError as ex:
        print( fileout, "cannot be created,",
            "choose another file name" )
        print( "Error [{}]: {}".format( ex.args[0], ex.args[1] ))
        continue
    break

# Ask whether the user wants to compress or decompress.
while True:
    dc = getLetter( "Choose (C)ompress or (D)ecompress? " )
    if dc != 'C' and dc != 'D':
        print( "Please choose C or D" )
        continue
    break
    
# Compress or decompress the buffer.
if dc == 'C':
    buffer = compress( buffer )
else:
    buffer = decompress( buffer )
    
# Store the (de)compressed buffer in the output file.
try:
    fp.write( buffer )
    fp.close()
except IOError as ex:
    print( "The writing process failed" )
    print( "Error [{}]: {}".format( ex.args[0], ex.args[1] ))

# Report the sizes of input and output.
print( getsize( filein ), "bytes read" )
print( getsize( fileout ), "bytes written" )

Chapter 2024

Answer 19.1

s = "Hello, world!"
mask = (1<<5) | (1<<3) | (1<<1)    # 00101010

code = ""
for c in s:
    code += chr(ord(c)^mask)
print( code )

decode = ""
for c in code:
    decode += chr(ord(c)^mask)
print( decode )

Answer 19.2

def setBit( store, index, value ):
    mask = 1<<index
    if value:
        store |= mask
    else:
        store &= ~mask
    return store

# getBit() returns 0 when the bit corresponding to index is set,
# and something else otherwise. As only 0 is interpreted as False
# this function can be used to test the value of the bit.
def getBit( store, index ):
    mask = 1<<index
    return store & mask

def displayBits( store ):
    for i in range( 8 ):
        index = 7 - i
        if getBit( store, index ):
            print( "1", end="" )
        else:
            print( "0", end="" )
    print()
    
store = 0
store = setBit( store, 0, True )
store = setBit( store, 1, True )
store = setBit( store, 2, False )
store = setBit( store, 3, True )
store = setBit( store, 4, False )
store = setBit( store, 5, True )
displayBits( store )

store = setBit( store, 1, False )
displayBits( store )

Chapter 2125

Answer 20.1

from copy import copy

class Point:
    def __init__( self, x=0.0, y=0.0 ):
        self.x = x
        self.y = y
    def __repr__( self ):
        return "({}, {})".format( self.x, self.y )
        
class Rectangle:
    def __init__( self, point, width, height ):
        self.point = copy( point )
        self.width = abs( width )
        self.height = abs( height )
        if self.width == 0:
            self.width = 1
        if self.height == 0:
            self.height = 1
    def __repr__( self ):
        return "[{},w={},h={}]".format( self.point, 
            self.width, self.height )
    def surface_area( self ):
        return self.width * self.height
    def circumference( self ):
        return 2*(self.width + self.height)
    def bottom_right( self ):
        return Point( self.point.x + self.width, 
            self.point.y + self.height )
    def overlap( self,r ):
        r1, r2 = self, r
        if self.point.x > r.point.x or \
            (self.point.x == r.point.x and \
            self.point.y > r.point.y):
            r1, r2 = r, self
        if r1.bottom_right().x <= r2.point.x or \
            r1.bottom_right().y <= r2.point.y:
            return None
        return Rectangle( r2.point, 
            min( r1.bottom_right().x - r2.point.x, r2.width ), 
            min( r1.bottom_right().y - r2.point.y, r2.height ) )
    
r1 = Rectangle( Point( 1, 1 ), 8, 5 )
r2 = Rectangle( Point( 2, 3 ), 9, 2 )

print( r1.surface_area() )
print( r1.circumference() )
print( r1.bottom_right() )
r = r1.overlap( r2 )
if r:
    print( r )
else:
    print( "There is no overlap for the rectangles" )

Answer 20.2

Considering the list that must be displayed, I placed the enroll() method in Student. For the birth date I use the datetime module; as you have to calculate the student’s age, you also need today’s date, which is found in the datetime module anyway.

from datetime import date
from random import random

class Course:
    def __init__( self, name, number ):
        self.name = name
        self.number = number
    def __repr__( self ):
        return "{}: {}".format( self.number, self.name )

class Student:
    def __init__( self, lastname, firstname, birthdate, anr ):
        self.lastname = lastname
        self.firstname = firstname
        self.birthdate = birthdate
        self.anr = anr
        self.courses = []
    def __str__( self ):
        return self.firstname+" "+self.lastname
    def age( self ):
        today = date.today()
        years = today.year - self.birthdate.year
        if today.month < self.birthdate.month or \
            (today.month == self.birthdate.month \
            and today.day < self.birthdate.day):
            years -= 1
        return years
    def enroll( self, course ):
        if course not in self.courses:
            self.courses.append( course )
    
students = [ 
    Student( "Arkansas", "Adrian", date( 1989, 10, 3 ), 453211 ),
    Student( "Bonzo", "Beatrice", date( 1991, 12, 29 ), 476239 ),
    Student( "Continuum", "Carola", date( 1992, 3, 7 ), 784322 ),
    Student( "Doofus", "Dunce", date( 1993, 7, 11 ), 995544 ) ]
courses =[
    Course( "Vinology", 787656 ),
    Course( "Advanced spoon-bending", 651121 ),
    Course( "Research Skills: Babbling", 433231 )]

for student in students:
    for course in courses:
        if random() > 0.3:
            student.enroll( course )

for student in students:
    print( "{}: {} {} ({})".format( student.anr, 
        student.firstname, student.lastname, student.age() ) )
    if len( student.courses ) == 0:
        print( "\tNo courses" )
    for course in student.courses:
        print( "\t{}".format( course ) )

Chapter 2226

Answer 21.1

SUITS = ["Hearts","Spades","Clubs","Diamonds"]
RANKS = ["2","3","4","5","6","7","8","9","10",
    "Jack","Queen","King","Ace"]

class Card:
    def __init__( self, suit, rank ):
        self.suit = suit # used as index in the SUITS list
        self.rank = rank # used as index in the RANKS list
    def __repr__( self ):
        return "({},{})".format( self.suit, self.rank )
    def __str__( self ):
        return "{} of {}".format( RANKS[self.rank], \
            SUITS[self.suit] )
    def __eq__( self, c ):
        if isinstance( c, Card ):
            return self.rank == c.rank
        return NotImplemented
    def __gt__( self, c ):
        if isinstance( c, Card ):
            return self.rank > c.rank
        return NotImplemented
    def __ge__( self, c ):
        if isinstance( c, Card ):
            return self.rank >= c.rank
        return NotImplemented
    
c5 = Card( 2, 3 )
d5 = Card( 3, 3 )
sk = Card( 1, 11 )
print( "{}, {}, {}".format( c5, d5, sk ) )
print( c5 == d5 )
print( c5 == sk )
print( c5 > sk )
print( c5 >= sk )
print( c5 < sk )
print( c5 <= sk )

Note

There is no need to implement __ne__(), __lt__(), or __le__(), as they are automatically changed into calls to the methods that have been implemented.

Answer 21.2

For readability, I deleted the methods from Card that are not needed here.

SUITS = ["Hearts","Spades","Clubs","Diamonds"]
RANKS = ["2","3","4","5","6","7","8","9","10",
    "Jack","Queen","King","Ace"]

class Card:
    def __init__( self, suit, rank ):
        self.suit = suit 
        self.rank = rank 
    def __str__( self ):
        return "{} of {}".format(
            RANKS[self.rank], SUITS[self.suit] )

class Drawpile:
    def __init__( self, pile=[] ):
        self.pile = pile
    def __len__( self ):
        return len( self.pile )
    def __getitem__( self, n ):
        return self.pile[n]
    def add( self, c ):
        self.pile.append( c )
    def draw( self ):
        if len( self ) <= 0:
            return None
        return self.pile.pop(0)
    def __repr__( self ):
        sep = ""
        s = ""
        for c in self.pile:
            s += sep + str( c )
            sep = ", "
        return s
    
dp1 = Drawpile( [Card(0,1), Card(0,5), Card(2,4), Card(1,12)] )
print( dp1 )
print( dp1[1] )
dp1.add( Card(3,12) )
print( dp1 )
print( dp1.draw() )
print( dp1 )

Answer 21.3

SUITS = ["Hearts","Spades","Clubs","Diamonds"]
RANKS = ["2","3","4","5","6","7","8","9","10",
    "Jack","Queen","King","Ace"]

class Card:
    def __init__( self, suit, rank ):
        self.suit = suit
        self.rank = rank
    def __repr__( self ):
        return "({},{})".format( self.suit, self.rank )
    def __str__( self ):
        return "{} of {}".format(
            RANKS[self.rank], SUITS[self.suit] )
    def __eq__( self, c ):
        if isinstance( c, Card ):
            return self.rank == c.rank
        return NotImplemented
    def __gt__( self, c ):
        if isinstance( c, Card ):
            return self.rank > c.rank
        return NotImplemented
    def __ge__( self, c ):
        if isinstance( c, Card ):
            return self.rank >= c.rank
        return NotImplemented

class Drawpile:
    def __init__( self, pile=[] ):
        self.pile = pile
    def __len__( self ):
        return len( self.pile )
    def __getitem__( self, n ):
        return self.pile[n]
    def add( self, c ):
        self.pile.append( c )
    def draw( self ):
        if len( self ) <= 0:
            return None
        return self.pile.pop(0)
    def __repr__( self ):
        sep = ""
        s = ""
        for c in self.pile:
            s += sep + str( c )
            sep = ", "
        return s
    
dp1 = Drawpile( [Card(3,0), Card(0,11), Card(2,5)] )
dp2 = Drawpile( [Card(3,2), Card(3,1), Card(1,6)] )

i = 1
while len( dp1 ) > 0 and len( dp2 ) > 0:
    print( "Round", i )
    print( "Deck1:", dp1 )
    print( "Deck2:", dp2 )
    c1 = dp1.draw()
    c2 = dp2.draw()
    if c1 > c2:
        dp1.add( c1 )
        dp1.add( c2 )
    else:
        dp2.add( c2 )
        dp2.add( c1 )
    i += 1
        
print( "The game has ended" )
if len( dp1 ) > 0:
    print( "Deck1:", dp1 )
    print( "The first deck wins!" )
else:
    print( "Deck2:", dp2 )
    print( "The second deck wins!" )

Answer 21.4

Do not forget that in the __add__() and __sub__() methods you have to create a (deep) copy of the fruit basket, which you change and return. If you would change the fruitbasket itself instead of a deep copy, newbasket = fruitbasket + "apple" would make newbasket an alias for fruitbasket. It is unlikely that the programmer who uses the class wants that. It is up to the programmer of the main program to decide whether he wants to actually change the fruit basket, or just wants to see what a changed version looks like.

However, in __iadd__() and __isub__() you are actually supposed to change the fruit basket, and still return self. Because a statement like fruitbasket += "apple" clearly is intended to change fruitbasket.

The rest of the class is pretty straightforward, as long as you take into account that you have to delete fruits when their number has dropped to zero or less.

from copy import deepcopy

class FruitBasket:
    
    def __init__( self, fruits={} ):
        self.fruits = fruits
        
    def __repr__( self ):
        s = ""
        sep = "["
        for fruit in self.fruits:
            s += sep + fruit + ":" + str( self.fruits[fruit] )
            sep = ", "
        s += "]"
        return s
    
    def __contains__( self, fruit ):
        return fruit in self.fruits
    
    def __add__( self, fruit ):
        fbcopy = deepcopy( self )
        fbcopy.fruits[fruit] = fbcopy.fruits.get( fruit, 0 ) + 1
        return fbcopy
    
    def __iadd__( self, fruit ):
        self.fruits[fruit] = self.fruits.get( fruit, 0 ) + 1
        return self
    
    def __sub__( self, fruit ):
        if fruit not in self.fruits:
            return self
        fbcopy = deepcopy( self )
        fbcopy.fruits[fruit] = fbcopy.fruits.get( fruit, 0 ) - 1
        if fbcopy.fruits[fruit] <= 0:
            del fbcopy.fruits[fruit]
        return fbcopy
    
    def __isub__( self, fruit ):
        self.fruits[fruit] = self.fruits.get( fruit, 0 ) - 1
        if self.fruits[fruit] <= 0:
            del self.fruits[fruit]
        return self
    
    def __len__( self ):
        return len( self.fruits )
    
    def __getitem__( self, fruit ):
        return self.fruits.get( fruit, 0 )
    
    def __setitem__( self, fruit, n ):
        if n <= 0:
            if fruit in self.fruits:
                del self.fruits[fruit]
        else:
            self.fruits[fruit] = n
    
fb = FruitBasket()
fb += "apple"
fb += "apple"
fb += "banana"
fb = fb + "cherry"
fb["orange"] = 20
print( len( fb ) )
print( fb )
print( "banana" in fb )
print( "durian" in fb )
fb -= "apple"
fb -= "banana"
fb = fb - "cherry"
fb -= "durian"
print( fb )
print( "banana" in fb )
fb["orange"] = 0
print( fb )

Chapter 2327

Answer 22.1

class Rectangle:
    def __init__( self, x, y, w, h ):
        self.x, self.y, self.w, self.h = x, y, w, h
    def __repr__( self ):
        return "[({},{}),w={},h={}]".format( self.x, self.y, 
          self.w, self.h )
    def area( self ):
        return self.w * self.h
    def circumference( self ):
        return 2*(self.w + self.h)

class Square( Rectangle ):
    def __init__( self, x, y, w ):
        super().__init__( x, y, w, w )
        
s = Square( 1, 1, 4 )
print( s, s.area(), s.circumference() )

Answer 22.2

from math import pi

class Shape:
    def area( self ):
        return NotImplemented
    def circumference( self ):
        return NotImplemented

class Circle( Shape ):
    def __init__( self, x, y, r ):
        self.x, self.y, self.r = x, y, r
    def __repr__( self ):
        return "[({},{}),r={}]".format( self.x, self.y, self.r )
    def area( self ):
        return pi * self.r * self.r
    def circumference( self ):
        return 2 * pi * self.r
    
class Rectangle( Shape ):
    def __init__( self, x, y, w, h ):
        self.x, self.y, self.w, self.h = x, y, w, h
    def __repr__( self ):
        return "[({},{}),w={},h={}]".format( self.x, self.y, 
            self.w, self.h )
    def area( self ):
        return self.w * self.h
    def circumference( self ):
        return 2*(self.w + self.h)

class Square( Rectangle ):
    def __init__( self, x, y, w ):
        super().__init__( x, y, w, w )
        
s = Square( 1, 1, 4 )
print( s, s.area(), s.circumference() )
c = Circle( 1, 1, 4 )
print( c, c.area(), c.circumference() )

Answer 22.3

I implemented a MemoryStrategy class to derive TitForTat, TitForTwoTats, and Majority from. MemoryStrategy keeps track of all the moves in the game. That is overdoing it a bit, as TitForTat only needs to keep track of the last move, TitForTwoTats only needs to keep track of the last two moves, and Majority could make do with just a count of all the COOPERATEs and DEFECTs of the opponent. Still, if more elaborate strategies need to be implemented, MemoryStrategy is a good starting point.

One interesting thing to notice is that in any pairing AlwaysDefect has a higher score than its opponent. However, if you let each strategy play every other strategy and add up the scores, the only strategy that does worse than AlwaysDefect is Random. If you want to know why that is, take a course on Game Theory.

from random import random

COOPERATE = 'C'
DEFECT = 'D'
ROUNDS = 100

class Strategy:
    def __init__( self, name="" ):
        self.name = name
        self.score = 0
    def choice( self ):
        # Should return COOPERATE or DEFECT
        return NotImplemented
    def lastmove( self, mymove, opponentmove ):
        # Gets passed the last move made, after call to choice()
        pass
    def incscore( self, n ):
        self.score += n
        
class AlwaysDefect( Strategy ):
    def choice( self ):
        return DEFECT
        
class Random( Strategy ):
    def choice( self ):
        if random() >= 0.5:
            return COOPERATE
        return DEFECT

class MemoryStrategy( Strategy ):
    def __init__( self, name="" ):
        super().__init__( name )
        self.history = []
    def lastmove( self, mymove, opponentmove ):
        self.history.append( (mymove, opponentmove) )
        
class TitForTat( MemoryStrategy ):
    def choice( self ):
        if len( self.history ) < 1:
            return COOPERATE
        return self.history[-1][1]

class TitForTwoTats( MemoryStrategy ):
    def choice( self ):
        if len( self.history ) < 2:
            return COOPERATE
        if self.history[-1][1] == DEFECT and \
            self.history[-2][1] == DEFECT:
            return DEFECT
        return COOPERATE

class Majority( MemoryStrategy ):
    def choice( self ):
        countD = 0
        for i in range( len( self.history ) ):
            if self.history[i][1] == DEFECT:
                countD += 1
        if countD > len( self.history ) / 2:
            return DEFECT
        return COOPERATE
            
strategy1 = AlwaysDefect( "Always Defect" )
strategy2 = Majority( "Majority" )

for i in range( ROUNDS ):
    c1 = strategy1.choice()
    c2 = strategy2.choice()
    if c1 == c2:
        strategy1.incscore( 3 if c1 == COOPERATE else 1 )
        strategy2.incscore( 3 if c2 == COOPERATE else 1 )
    else:
        strategy1.incscore( 0 if c1 == COOPERATE else 6 )
        strategy2.incscore( 0 if c2 == COOPERATE else 6 )
    strategy1.lastmove( c1, c2 )
    strategy2.lastmove( c2, c1 )
        
print( "Score of", strategy1.name, "is", strategy1.score )
print( "Score of", strategy2.name, "is", strategy2.score )

Chapter 2428

Answer 23.1

from pcinput import getInteger

class NotDividableBy:
    def __init__( self ):
        self.seq = list( range( 1, 101 ) )
    def __iter__( self ):
        return self
    def __next__( self ):
        if len( self.seq ) > 0:
            return self.seq.pop(0)
        raise StopIteration()
    def process( self, num ):
        i = len( self.seq )-1
        while i >= 0:
            if self.seq[i]%num == 0:
                del self.seq[i]
            i -= 1
    def __len__( self ):
        return len( self.seq )

ndb = NotDividableBy()
while True:
    num = getInteger( "Give an integer: " )
    if num < 0:
        print( "Negative integers are ignored" )
        continue
    if num == 0:
        break
    ndb.process( num )

if len( ndb ) <= 0:
    print( "No numbers are left" )
else:
    for num in ndb:
        print( num, end=" " )

Answer 23.2

def factorial():
    total = 1
    for i in range( 1, 11 ):
        total *= i
        yield total
        
fseq = factorial()
for n in fseq:
    print( n, end=" " )

Answer 23.3

from itertools import permutations

word = input( "Please enter a word: " )
seq = permutations( word )
for item in seq:
    print( "".join( item ) )

Answer 23.4

The only change I made with respect to the previous answer is that I cast the iterable to a set.

from itertools import permutations

word = input( "Please enter a word: " )
seq = permutations( word )
for item in set( seq ):
    print( "".join( item ) )

Answer 23.5

from itertools import combinations

numlist = [ 3, 8, -1, 4, -5, 6 ]
solution = []

for i in range( 1, len( numlist )+1 ):
    seq = combinations( numlist, i )
    for item in seq:
        if sum( item ) == 0:
            solution = item
            break
    if len( solution ) > 0:
        break
        
if len( solution ) <= 0:
    print( "There is no subset which adds up to zero" )
else:
    for i in range( len( solution ) ):
        if solution[i] < 0 or i == 0:
            print( solution[i], end="" )
        else:
            print( "+{}".format( solution[i] ), end="" )
    print( "=0" )

Note

While this code seems to create all possible subsets, which is a number that rises exponentially with the size of numlist, since iterators are used no more than one subset is in memory at any time. So this solution works fine even for large lists of integers (though it may get slow, which cannot be helped as this is an NP-hard problem).

Answer 23.6

from itertools import combinations

testdict = {"a":1, "b":2, "c":3, "d":4 }
result = [ {} ]

keylist = list( testdict.keys() )
for length in range( 1, len( testdict)+1 ):
    for item in combinations( keylist, length ):
        subdict = {}
        for key in item:
            subdict[key] = testdict[key]
        result.append( subdict )

print( result )

Answer 23.7

If rows and columns are numbered 0 to 7, then every row and column number will occur exactly once in the solution. Take a list of the eight possible column numbers, and consider the index in the list as the row number. All potential solutions are represented by permutations of this list. You only need to check these permutations until you find one where never a diagonal is shared by two of the queens, i.e., where the absolute difference between the row numbers of any two queens is equal to the absolute difference of their column numbers.

from itertools import permutations

SIZE = 8 # Board size.

def display_board( columns ):
    for i in columns :
        for j in range( len( columns ) ):
            if i == j:
                print( 'Q', end=" " )
            else:
                print( '-', end=" " )
        print()

def is_solution( columns ):
    for row in range( len( columns ) ):
        col = columns[row]
        for i in range( row+1, len( columns ) ):
            if i - row == abs( columns[i] - col ):
                return False
    return True
        
columns = list( range( SIZE ) )

for p in permutations( columns ):
    if is_solution( p ):
        display_board( p )
        break
else:
    print( "No solutions found" ) # Should not happen.

Chapter 2529

Answer 24.1

import sys

total = 0
for i in sys.argv[1:]:
    try:
        total += float( sys.argv[i] )
    except TypeError:
        print( sys.argv[i], "is not a number." )
        sys.exit(1)

print( "The arguments add up to", total )

Chapter 2630

Answer 25.1

import re

sentence = "The price of a 2-room apartment in Manhattan \
starts at 1 million dollars, and may actually be the 10-fold \
of that on 42nd Street."

pword = re.compile( r"[A-Za-z]+" )
wordlist = pword.findall( sentence )
for word in wordlist:
    print( word )

Answer 25.2

import re

sentence = "The word ether can be found in my thesaurus \
using the archaic spelling 'aether'."

pthe = re.compile( r"\bthe\b", re.I )
thelist = pthe.findall( sentence )
print( len( thelist ) )

Answer 25.3

import re

sentence = "Michael Jordan, Bill Gates, and the Dalai Lama \
decided to take a plane trip together."

pname = re.compile( r"\b([A-Z][a-z]*\s+[A-Z][a-z]*)\b" )
namelist = pname.findall( sentence )
for name in namelist:
    print( name )

Answer 25.4

import re

sentence = "William Randolph Hearst attempted to destroy all \
copies of Orson Welles' masterpiece 'Citizen Kane', because he \
did not appreciate the fact that the protagonist Charles \
Foster Kane was a thinly disguised caricature of himself. I \
wonder whether William Henry Gates The Third would attempt to \
do the same."

pname = re.compile( r"\b([A-Z][a-z]*(\s+[A-Z][a-z]*)+)\b" )
namelist = pname.finditer( sentence )
for name in namelist:
    print( name.group(1) )

Answer 25.5

import re

sentence = "Client: \"I wish to register a complaint! \
Hello miss!\"\n\
Shopkeeper: \"What do you mean, miss?\"\n\
Client: \"I am sorry, I have a cold.\"\n"

pspoken = re.compile( r"\"[^\"]*\"" )
spokenlist = pspoken.findall( sentence )
for text in spokenlist:
    print( text )

Answer 25.6

import re

text = "<html><head><title>List of persons with ids</title>\
</head><body>\
<p><id>123123123</id><name>Groucho Marx</name>\
<p><id>123123124</id><name>Harpo Marx</name>\
<p><id>123123125</id><name>Chico Marx</name>\
<randomcrap>Etaoin<id>Shrdlu</id>qwerty</name></randomcrap>\
<nocrap><p><id>123123126</id><name>Zeppo Marx</name></nocrap>\
<address>Chicago</address>\
<morerandomcrap><id>999999999</id>nonametobeseen!\
</morerandomcrap>\
<p><id>123123127</id><name>Gummo Marx</name>\
<note>Look him up on <a href=\"http://www.google.com\">\
Google.</a></note>\
</body></html>"

pidname = re.compile( r"<id>([^<]+)</id><name>([^<]+)</name>" )
mlist = pidname.finditer( text )
for m in mlist:
    print( m.group(1), m.group(2) )

Chapter 2731

Answer 26.1

from csv import reader, writer

fp = open( "pc_inventory.csv", newline='' )
fpo = open( "pc_writetest.csv", "w", newline='' )
csvreader = reader( fp )
csvwriter = writer( fpo, delimiter=' ', quotechar="'" )
for line in csvreader:
    csvwriter.writerow( line )
fp.close()
fpo.close()

fp = open( "pc_writetest.csv" )
print( fp.read() )
fp.close()

If you did it correctly, you notice the quotes around “Blue Stilton,” which are there because it contains a space, which is the delimiter.

Answer 26.2

from csv import reader
from json import dump

data = []

fp = open( "pc_inventory.csv", newline='' )
csvreader = reader( fp )
for line in csvreader:
    data.append( line )
fp.close()

fp = open( "pc_writetest.json", "w" )
dump( data, fp )
fp.close()

fp = open( "pc_writetest.json" )
print( fp.read() )
fp.close()

Chapter 2832

Answer 27.1

from collections import Counter

sentence = "Your mother was a hamster and \
your father smelled of elderberries."
sentence2 = ""
for c in sentence.lower():
    if c >= 'a' and c <= 'z':
        sentence2 += c

clist = Counter( sentence2 ).most_common( 5 )
for c in clist:
    print( "{}: {}".format( c[0], c[1] ) )

Answer 27.2

from collections import Counter
from pcinput import getInteger
from statistics import mean, median
from sys import exit

numlist = []
while True:
    num = getInteger( "Enter a number: " )
    if num == 0:
        break
    numlist.append( num )

if len( numlist ) <= 0:
    print( "No numbers were entered" )
    exit()
    
print( "Mean:", mean( numlist ) )
print( "Median:", median( numlist ) )

clist = Counter( numlist ).most_common()
if clist[0][1] <= 1:
    print( "There is no mode" )
else:
    mlist = [str( x[0] ) for x in clist if x[1] == clist[0][1] ]
    s = ", ".join( mlist )
    print( "Mode:", s )

For the mode I did a reasonably smart list comprehension, but you can write this out as multiple lines of code, of course.